Sustainable technology of 4150

29 / 100

Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

In 4150, sustainable technology would likely be highly advanced and integrated into all aspects of life. Here are some possible examples:

  • Energy: Fusion power would be the primary source of energy, providing clean and abundant power for all needs. Smart grids would optimize energy distribution and minimize waste.
  • Transportation: Flying cars and other advanced air transportation systems would be commonplace, powered by clean energy sources and guided by sophisticated AI. Hyperloops and other high-speed ground transportation systems would connect cities and regions.
  • Manufacturing: Nanotechnology and 3D printing would enable the creation of any product on demand, using sustainable materials and minimizing waste. Advanced recycling systems would ensure that all materials are reused.
  • Agriculture: Vertical farms and other advanced agricultural technologies would produce food efficiently and sustainably, using minimal land and water. Genetically modified crops would be resistant to pests and diseases, reducing the need for pesticides.
  • Healthcare: Advanced medical technologies would enable early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, extending lifespans and improving quality of life. Nanobots and other microscopic devices would be used to deliver drugs and repair damaged tissues.
  • Communication: Brain-computer interfaces would allow people to communicate and interact with computers using their thoughts. Virtual reality and augmented reality technologies would create immersive experiences for entertainment, education, and other purposes.
  • Environment: Advanced technologies would be used to clean up pollution and restore damaged ecosystems. Geoengineering techniques would be used to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Overall, sustainable technology in 4150 would be characterized by its efficiency, cleanliness, and integration into all aspects of life. It would enable humans to live in harmony with the environment and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.

What is Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

It’s fascinating to imagine what sustainable technology might look like in 4150! Here’s a breakdown of some possibilities, keeping in mind this is speculative but based on current trends and potential advancements:

Core Principles:

  • Closed-loop Systems: By 4150, we’d likely have mastered closed-loop systems for almost everything. This means resources are constantly recycled and reused, minimizing waste and the need for new extraction.
  • Energy Abundance: Fusion power is a likely candidate for a primary energy source, providing clean and near-limitless energy. This would power everything from cities to individual devices.
  • Localized Production: Nanotechnology and advanced 3D printing could allow for on-demand manufacturing of nearly anything, reducing the need for global supply chains and transportation.
  • Biomimicry: Technology would likely be heavily inspired by nature, mimicking natural processes for efficiency and sustainability.

Examples of Technologies:

  • Atmospheric Carbon Capture and Conversion: Advanced systems could not only capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere but also convert it into usable materials or fuels.
  • Advanced Agriculture: Vertical farms and lab-grown food would be highly efficient, using minimal resources and land. Genetically modified crops could be designed for specific environments and nutritional needs.
  • Personalized Medicine: Nanobots and AI-powered diagnostics could provide highly personalized healthcare, with treatments tailored to an individual’s genetic makeup and health status.
  • Brain-Computer Interfaces: These could be commonplace, allowing for seamless communication and interaction with technology, potentially reducing the need for physical devices.
  • Geoengineering: While potentially controversial, advanced geoengineering techniques might be used to manage the planet’s climate and ecosystems.

Challenges and Considerations:

  • Resource Management: Even with advanced recycling, careful management of resources would be crucial to ensure long-term sustainability.
  • Ethical Considerations: Technologies like brain-computer interfaces and geoengineering raise ethical questions about privacy, control, and potential unintended consequences.
  • Social Equity: Ensuring that the benefits of these technologies are available to everyone, regardless of their background or location, would be a major challenge.

In Conclusion:

Sustainable technology in 4150 would likely be highly sophisticated and integrated into every aspect of life. It would aim to create a world where humans live in harmony with the environment, with abundant resources and advanced technologies that enhance quality of life while minimizing environmental impact.

It’s important to remember that this is just one possible vision of the future. The actual technologies that develop will depend on a variety of factors, including scientific breakthroughs, economic conditions, and social priorities.

Who is required Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

It’s not about who requires sustainable technology in 4150, but rather who will be benefited by it, and in what ways. Here’s a breakdown:

  • Humanity as a whole: This is the most obvious answer. Sustainable technology would be essential for ensuring the long-term survival and well-being of humanity. It would provide clean energy, resources, and a healthy environment for future generations.
  • Individuals: People would benefit from improved health, increased lifespans, and a higher quality of life. Advanced technologies could provide personalized medicine, efficient transportation, and access to information and resources.
  • The environment: Sustainable technology would be crucial for protecting and restoring ecosystems, mitigating climate change, and preserving biodiversity. It would help to create a world where humans live in harmony with nature.
  • Future generations: Sustainable technology would be essential for ensuring that future generations have access to the resources they need to thrive. It would create a legacy of environmental stewardship and technological advancement.

It’s important to note that the development and implementation of sustainable technology in 4150 would require a collective effort from individuals, governments, and organizations around the world. It would also require a shift in mindset, from a focus on short-term gains to a long-term vision of sustainability.

Ultimately, sustainable technology in 4150 would be a necessity for ensuring a healthy planet and a prosperous future for all.

When is required Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

That’s a great question! It’s not so much about a specific date when sustainable technology will be required in 4150, but rather that it will be an absolute necessity for human civilization to thrive by that point. Here’s why:

  • Resource Depletion: If we continue current consumption patterns, many essential resources will be depleted long before 4150. Sustainable technology will be crucial for managing resources, recycling, and finding alternatives.
  • Climate Change: The effects of climate change will likely intensify over time. Sustainable technology will be needed to mitigate these effects, adapt to changing conditions, and potentially even reverse some of the damage.
  • Population Growth: The global population is projected to continue growing. Sustainable technology will be essential for providing food, water, energy, and other necessities for a larger population without further straining the planet’s resources.
  • Environmental Degradation: Pollution, deforestation, and other forms of environmental degradation will need to be addressed. Sustainable technology will be crucial for cleaning up pollution, restoring ecosystems, and preventing further damage.

Essentially, by 4150, sustainable technology won’t be an option, but a fundamental requirement for human survival and well-being. It will need to be deeply integrated into every aspect of life, from energy production and transportation to manufacturing and agriculture.

It’s important to remember that the journey towards this future starts now. The choices we make today about developing and implementing sustainable technologies will have a profound impact on the world of 4150.

COURTESY : Bernard Marr

Where is required Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

Sustainable technology in 4150 won’t be required in one specific place, but rather it will need to be integrated everywhere. The need will be global and encompass all aspects of human civilization. Here’s a breakdown:

  • Urban Centers: Cities will be hubs of sustainable technology, with efficient energy systems, vertical farms, advanced transportation, and smart infrastructure.
  • Rural Areas: Sustainable agriculture, renewable energy generation, and resource management will be crucial for maintaining thriving rural communities.
  • Industrial Zones: Manufacturing and production will need to be based on closed-loop systems, minimizing waste and pollution.
  • Transportation Networks: Sustainable transportation systems, including air, ground, and water travel, will be essential for connecting people and goods.
  • Homes and Buildings: Buildings will be designed to be energy-efficient, using sustainable materials and incorporating smart technology.
  • Natural Environments: Sustainable technology will be needed to protect and restore ecosystems, preserve biodiversity, and mitigate the effects of climate change. This includes oceans, forests, and other natural spaces.
  • Space: As humanity potentially expands beyond Earth, sustainable technology will be crucial for establishing off-world settlements and utilizing extraterrestrial resources responsibly.

Essentially, sustainable technology in 4150 will need to be a pervasive and integrated part of all human activity, regardless of location. It will be a fundamental requirement for maintaining a healthy planet and a thriving civilization.

How is required Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

Sustainable technology in 4150 won’t be “required” in the sense of someone enforcing it, but rather it will be necessary for human civilization to function and thrive. It will be required by the very nature of the challenges humanity will likely face. Here’s how it becomes essential:

  • Resource Scarcity: If current trends of resource consumption continue, many vital resources will be depleted. Sustainable technologies will be required to find alternatives, recycle, and use resources far more efficiently. It becomes a necessity for survival.
  • Environmental Degradation: Climate change, pollution, and ecosystem damage will likely worsen. Sustainable technologies will be required to mitigate these effects, clean up pollution, and restore damaged environments. This is essential for a habitable planet.
  • Population Growth: A larger population will need food, water, energy, and other resources. Sustainable technologies will be required to provide these necessities without further straining the planet’s capacity. It becomes a necessity to support human life.
  • Interconnectedness: In a globalized world, the impacts of environmental problems and resource scarcity will be felt everywhere. Sustainable technologies will be required on a global scale to address these shared challenges. Cooperation and shared technology become essential.

So, it’s not a matter of a governing body saying “you must use sustainable technology.” Instead, the very conditions of the world in 4150 will necessitate it. It will be the only viable way to live and prosper. It will be built into the infrastructure, the economy, and daily life. It becomes a fundamental part of how society functions.

Case study is Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

It’s tricky to give a specific “case study” of sustainable technology in 4150 because it’s so far in the future and our understanding of technology will likely evolve significantly. However, we can create a hypothetical scenario based on current trends and potential advancements.

Hypothetical Case Study: The Revitalization of the Amazon Rainforest in 4150

Problem: Centuries of deforestation and climate change have severely damaged the Amazon rainforest, impacting biodiversity, weather patterns, and global climate.

Solution: A combination of advanced sustainable technologies is deployed to restore the rainforest.

  • Atmospheric Carbon Capture and Conversion: Large-scale facilities capture CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into usable materials, like bioplastics or even fuel, effectively reversing the greenhouse effect and providing resources for reforestation efforts.
  • Advanced Reforestation Techniques: Drones and AI-powered systems precisely plant native trees and other vegetation, optimized for specific areas and soil conditions. Nanotechnology is used to create seed coatings that protect young plants from pests and harsh conditions.
  • Smart Irrigation and Resource Management: Sensors and AI monitor soil moisture, nutrient levels, and other factors to optimize water and resource use. Water is collected and recycled through advanced systems, minimizing waste.
  • Bioremediation: Microorganisms and other biological agents are used to clean up polluted areas and restore soil health.
  • Biodiversity Monitoring and Protection: Advanced sensors and AI monitor the health and diversity of plant and animal populations. Anti-poaching technology and protected areas help to preserve endangered species.
  • Community Involvement: Local communities are actively involved in the restoration efforts, using their traditional knowledge and skills alongside the new technologies. They benefit from sustainable economic activities, like ecotourism and the harvesting of sustainable forest products.

Results:

  • The Amazon rainforest is significantly restored, with increased biodiversity and a healthier ecosystem.
  • The region’s climate is stabilized, with more regular rainfall patterns.
  • Global climate change is mitigated due to the increased carbon sequestration.
  • Local communities thrive with sustainable economic opportunities.

Key Takeaways:

  • This case study demonstrates how a combination of advanced sustainable technologies can be used to address complex environmental challenges.
  • It highlights the importance of integrating technology with ecological principles and community involvement.
  • It shows the potential for sustainable technology to not only restore damaged ecosystems but also create a more resilient and equitable future.

While this is just a hypothetical example, it illustrates the potential of sustainable technology in 4150 to address some of the world’s most pressing challenges and create a more sustainable future for all.

COURTESY : NPTEL-NOC IITM

White paper on Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

White Paper: Sustainable Technology in 4150 – A Vision for a Thriving Future

Abstract:

This white paper explores the potential landscape of sustainable technology in the year 4150. Building upon current trends and extrapolating potential advancements, it envisions a future where technology is deeply integrated with ecological principles, creating a harmonious balance between human needs and planetary health. The paper examines key areas of technological development, potential challenges, and the societal implications of a fully sustainable technological paradigm.

1. Introduction:

The year 4150 represents a significant milestone in human history. For civilization to not only survive but thrive, a fundamental shift towards sustainable practices will be essential. This paper argues that advanced technology, guided by ecological principles, will be the cornerstone of this transformation. It will not be simply about minimizing harm, but actively restoring and enhancing the planet’s ecosystems.

2. Key Areas of Technological Advancement:

  • Energy: Fusion power, or a similarly abundant and clean energy source, will likely be the dominant paradigm. Smart grids, powered by AI, will optimize energy distribution and minimize waste. Localized energy generation through advanced micro-reactors or other novel technologies may also play a role.
  • Resource Management: Closed-loop systems will be the norm. Nanotechnology and advanced recycling processes will enable near-total resource recovery and reuse. “Urban mining” of existing materials will reduce the need for further extraction.
  • Manufacturing: On-demand manufacturing through highly advanced 3D printing and nanotechnology will revolutionize production. Products will be designed for disassembly and reuse, minimizing waste and extending lifecycles.
  • Food Production: Vertical farms, lab-grown meat, and precision agriculture will maximize food production while minimizing land and water use. Genetically modified crops will be optimized for specific environments and nutritional needs, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers.
  • Environmental Remediation: Advanced technologies will be deployed to clean up pollution, restore damaged ecosystems, and reverse the effects of climate change. Atmospheric carbon capture and conversion, ocean cleanup systems, and bioremediation will be key tools.
  • Transportation: Sustainable transportation systems will be fully integrated. Flying vehicles, high-speed rail, and advanced personal transportation devices will be powered by clean energy sources and guided by sophisticated AI, optimizing traffic flow and minimizing emissions.
  • Healthcare: Personalized medicine, enabled by nanotechnology and AI, will revolutionize healthcare. Nanobots will be used for targeted drug delivery and tissue repair. Predictive diagnostics and preventative care will become commonplace, extending lifespans and improving quality of life.
  • Information and Communication: Brain-computer interfaces and advanced virtual reality technologies will reshape how humans interact with technology and each other. These technologies could potentially reduce the need for physical devices and travel.

3. Challenges and Considerations:

  • Ethical Implications: Technologies like brain-computer interfaces, genetic engineering, and geoengineering raise significant ethical questions about privacy, autonomy, and potential unintended consequences. Careful regulation and societal dialogue will be essential.
  • Resource Availability for Advanced Technologies: Even with advanced recycling, ensuring access to the rare earth minerals and other resources needed for these technologies will be a challenge.
  • Maintaining Biodiversity: While technology can help protect biodiversity, it’s crucial to ensure that technological solutions do not inadvertently harm ecosystems or create new environmental problems.
  • Social Equity: Ensuring that the benefits of these advanced technologies are accessible to everyone, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status, will be a major challenge.

4. Societal Implications:

A future dominated by sustainable technology will likely have profound societal implications. It could lead to:

  • Increased Quality of Life: Access to clean energy, advanced healthcare, and abundant resources could significantly improve the quality of life for people around the world.
  • Reduced Inequality: If access to technology is equitable, it could help reduce disparities between rich and poor.
  • Shifting Economies: The nature of work and the global economy could be transformed by automation and advanced manufacturing technologies.
  • New Forms of Community: Virtual reality and other communication technologies could create new forms of community and social interaction.

5. Conclusion:

Sustainable technology in 4150 represents a vision of hope for a thriving future. By embracing ecological principles and investing in advanced technologies, humanity can create a world where both people and the planet prosper. However, realizing this vision will require careful planning, ethical considerations, and a global commitment to sustainability. The journey towards this future must begin now.

Industrial application of Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

It’s fascinating to imagine the industrial applications of sustainable technology in 4150! Here are some possibilities, keeping in mind this is speculative but based on current trends and potential advancements:

1. Advanced Manufacturing & Resource Management:

  • Nanofactories: Imagine factories at the nanoscale, able to manipulate individual atoms and molecules to create materials and products with incredible precision and efficiency. These could be used to produce everything from consumer goods to complex machinery, all from recycled or sustainably sourced materials.
  • Closed-loop Production Systems: Industrial processes would be entirely closed-loop, with every byproduct and waste stream being captured and reused. This could involve advanced recycling technologies, chemical transformations, and even the use of biological systems to break down and repurpose waste.
  • On-Demand Manufacturing: 3D printing and other additive manufacturing techniques would be highly advanced, allowing for the creation of customized products on demand. This could drastically reduce waste and the need for large-scale production facilities.

2. Energy & Infrastructure:

  • Fusion-Powered Industries: Fusion power plants would provide clean and abundant energy for all industrial needs. Smart grids and energy storage systems would ensure efficient distribution and minimize waste.
  • Self-Healing Infrastructure: Nanotechnology could be used to create self-healing materials for buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. This would reduce maintenance costs and extend the lifespan of infrastructure, making it more sustainable.
  • Vertical Industrial Farms: Imagine massive vertical farms integrated into industrial complexes, providing fresh produce for workers and reducing the need for transportation and agricultural land.

3. Transportation & Logistics:

  • Autonomous & Electric Fleets: Industrial transportation would be dominated by autonomous electric vehicles, including trucks, ships, and even airships. These vehicles would be powered by clean energy sources and guided by AI, optimizing routes and minimizing emissions.
  • Hyperloops & Maglev Trains: High-speed transportation systems like hyperloops and maglev trains would connect industrial centers, enabling the rapid and efficient movement of goods and materials.

4. Biotechnology & Biomanufacturing:

  • Bioreactors & Bioproduction: Industrial processes could utilize bioreactors and biomanufacturing techniques to produce materials, chemicals, and even fuels from renewable resources like biomass and algae.
  • Bio-based Materials: Advanced materials made from biological sources could replace traditional materials like plastics and metals in many industrial applications.

5. Environmental Remediation & Resource Extraction:

  • Atmospheric Carbon Capture & Utilization: Industrial facilities could capture CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into valuable products, like fuels or building materials.
  • Ocean Cleanup & Resource Recovery: Advanced technologies could be used to clean up pollution in the oceans and extract valuable resources from seawater, like minerals and rare earth elements.

Challenges & Considerations:

  • Resource Availability: Even with advanced recycling, ensuring access to the resources needed for these technologies would be crucial.
  • Environmental Impacts: It’s important to carefully assess the potential environmental impacts of these technologies and ensure they are truly sustainable.
  • Social & Economic Implications: The shift to a fully sustainable industrial paradigm could have significant social and economic implications, requiring careful planning and adaptation.

Overall, the industrial applications of sustainable technology in 4150 could revolutionize manufacturing, energy production, transportation, and resource management. It could create a world where industries operate in harmony with the environment, providing the goods and services needed for a thriving civilization while minimizing environmental impact.

Research and development of Sustainable technology of 4150 ?

It’s exciting to think about the research and development that would be necessary to achieve sustainable technology by 4150! Here’s a glimpse into some potential areas of focus:

1. Fundamental Science & Engineering:

  • Advanced Materials Science: Developing new materials with exceptional properties like self-healing capabilities, super-conductivity, and biodegradability. This could involve nanotechnology, biomimicry, and exploring new forms of matter.
  • Energy Generation & Storage: Researching and developing more efficient and sustainable energy sources, potentially including advanced fusion reactors, exotic forms of energy, or breakthroughs in energy storage.
  • Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning: Creating AI systems that can optimize complex systems, manage resources, and even design new sustainable technologies.
  • Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering: Exploring the potential of biotechnology to create new materials, improve food production, and even remediate environmental damage.
  • Understanding Complex Systems: Developing a deeper understanding of Earth’s ecosystems and how they interact, to better predict and mitigate the impacts of human activity.

2. Specific Technology Development:

  • Atmospheric Carbon Capture & Conversion: Researching more efficient and cost-effective ways to capture CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into useful products.
  • Advanced Recycling Technologies: Developing new methods for breaking down and reusing materials at the molecular level, achieving near-total resource recovery.
  • Sustainable Manufacturing Processes: Creating new industrial processes that are entirely closed-loop, minimizing waste and pollution.
  • Precision Agriculture & Food Production: Developing technologies to optimize food production while minimizing land and water use, potentially including vertical farms, lab-grown meat, and advanced genetic engineering of crops.
  • Environmental Remediation Technologies: Researching and developing new methods for cleaning up pollution, restoring damaged ecosystems, and even reversing the effects of climate change.
  • Sustainable Transportation Systems: Developing advanced transportation technologies powered by clean energy sources, including flying vehicles, high-speed rail, and personalized transportation devices.

3. Interdisciplinary Collaboration:

  • Collaboration between scientists, engineers, and social scientists: Ensuring that technological development is guided by ethical considerations and societal needs.
  • Global Collaboration: Sharing knowledge and resources to accelerate the development of sustainable technologies and ensure equitable access.
  • Public Engagement: Involving the public in discussions about the future of technology and sustainability, to ensure that technological development reflects societal values.

Challenges & Considerations:

  • Long-term Vision: Research and development for sustainable technology in 4150 requires a long-term vision and commitment, as many of these technologies may take decades or even centuries to develop.
  • Funding & Resources: Significant investment in research and development will be necessary to achieve these goals.
  • Ethical Considerations: It’s crucial to consider the ethical implications of these technologies and ensure they are developed and used responsibly.

In Conclusion:

The research and development of sustainable technology for 4150 is a massive undertaking that will require the combined efforts of scientists, engineers, policymakers, and the public. By investing in fundamental science, developing key technologies, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, we can pave the way for a future where technology and sustainability go hand in hand.

COURTESY : Voith Group

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c Kutscher, Milford & Kreith 2019, pp. 5–6.
  2. ^ Zhang, Wei; Li, Binshuai; Xue, Rui; Wang, Chengcheng; Cao, Wei (2021). “A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development”PLOS ONE16 (12): e0261091. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1661091Zdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261091PMC 8641874PMID 34860855.
  3. ^ United Nations Development Programme 2016, p. 5.
  4. ^ “Definitions: energy, sustainability and the future”OpenLearnThe Open UniversityArchived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  5. ^ Golus̆in, Popov & Dodić 2013, p. 8.
  6. Jump up to:a b c d Hammond, Geoffrey P.; Jones, Craig I. “Sustainability criteria for energy resources and technologies”. In Galarraga, González-Eguino & Markandya (2011), pp. 21–47.
  7. Jump up to:a b c d UNECE 2020, pp. 3–4.
  8. ^ Gunnarsdottir, I.; Davidsdottir, B.; Worrell, E.; Sigurgeirsdottir, S. (May 2021). “Sustainable energy development: History of the concept and emerging themes”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews141: 110770. Bibcode:2021RSERv.14110770Gdoi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110770hdl:1874/411740.
  9. ^ Kutscher, Milford & Kreith 2019, pp. 1–2.
  10. ^ Vera, Ivan; Langlois, Lucille (2007). “Energy indicators for sustainable development”. Energy32 (6): 875–882. Bibcode:2007Ene….32..875Vdoi:10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.006.
  11. ^ Kutscher, Milford & Kreith 2019, pp. 3–5.
  12. ^ Ritchie, HannahRoser, Max (2021). “What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 15 January 2024. Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).
  13. Jump up to:a b United Nations Environment Programme 2019, p. 46.
  14. ^ “Global Historical Emissions”Climate WatchArchived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  15. ^ Ge, Mengpin; Friedrich, Johannes; Vigna, Leandro (August 2021). “4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors”World Resources InstituteArchived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  16. ^ “The Paris Agreement”United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeArchived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  17. ^ Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; et al. (2021). “The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises” (PDF). The Lancet397 (10269): 151. Bibcode:2021Lanc..397..129Wdoi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-XPMC 7616803PMID 33278353.
  18. ^ “Every breath you take: The staggering, true cost of air pollution”United Nations Development Programme. 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  19. ^ “New WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines aim to save millions of lives from air pollution”World Health Organization. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  20. ^ “Acid Rain and Water”United States Geological SurveyArchived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  21. Jump up to:a b World Health Organization 2018, p. 16.
  22. ^ “Ambient (outdoor) air pollution”World Health Organization. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  23. ^ Ritchie, HannahRoser, Max (2019). “Access to Energy”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  24. Jump up to:a b World Health Organization 2016, pp. vii–xiv.
  25. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, p. 118.
  26. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, pp. 470–472.
  27. ^ Tester et al. 2012, p. 504.
  28. ^ Kessides, Ioannis N.; Toman, Michael (28 July 2011). “The Global Energy Challenge”World BankArchived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  29. ^ Morris et al. 2015, pp. 24–27.
  30. ^ “Access to clean cooking”SDG7: Data and ProjectionsIEA. October 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  31. ^ IEA 2021, p. 167.
  32. ^ Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu (20 July 2022). “Winners and losers of energy sustainability—Global assessment of the Sustainable Development Goals”Science of the Total Environment831. 154945. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.83154945Sdoi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154945hdl:11250/3023660PMID 35367559.
  33. ^ Deputy Secretary-General (6 June 2018). “Sustainable Development Goal 7 on Reliable, Modern Energy ‘Golden Thread’ Linking All Other Targets, Deputy-Secretary-General Tells High-Level Panel” (Press release). United NationsArchived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  34. Jump up to:a b “Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”SDG TrackerArchived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  35. ^ “Energy use per person”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  36. ^ “Europe 2030: Energy saving to become “first fuel””EU Science HubEuropean Commission. 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  37. ^ Motherway, Brian (19 December 2019). “Energy efficiency is the first fuel, and demand for it needs to grow”IEAArchived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  38. ^ “Energy Efficiency 2018: Analysis and outlooks to 2040”IEA. October 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020.
  39. ^ Fernandez Pales, Araceli; Bouckaert, Stéphanie; Abergel, Thibaut; Goodson, Timothy (10 June 2021). “Net zero by 2050 hinges on a global push to increase energy efficiency”IEAArchived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  40. Jump up to:a b IEA 2021, pp. 68–69.
  41. ^ Mundaca, Luis; Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana; Wilson, Charlie (February 2019). “Demand-side approaches for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C”Energy Efficiency12 (2): 343–362. Bibcode:2019EnEff..12..343Mdoi:10.1007/s12053-018-9722-9.
  42. Jump up to:a b IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization 2021, p. 12.
  43. Jump up to:a b IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization 2021, p. 11.
  44. ^ Brockway, Paul E.; Sorrell, Steve; Semieniuk, Gregor; Heun, Matthew Kuperus; Court, Victor (May 2021). “Energy efficiency and economy-wide rebound effects: A review of the evidence and its implications”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews141: 110781. Bibcode:2021RSERv.14110781Bdoi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110781.
  45. ^ “Energy Efficiency 2019”IEA. November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  46. ^ Bond, Kingsmill; Butler-Sloss, Sam; Lovins, Amory; Speelman, Laurens; Topping, Nigel (13 June 2023). “Report / 2023 / X-Change: Electricity / On track for disruption”. Rocky Mountain Institute. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023.
  47. ^ Source for data beginning in 2017: “Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024” (PDF). International Energy Agency. June 2023. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2023. IEA. CC BY 4.0. ● Source for data through 2016: “Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022” (PDF). IEA.org. International Energy Agency. May 2021. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2023. IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0
  48. ^ “World Energy Investment 2023 / Overview and key findings”. International Energy Agency (IEA). 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels, 2015-2023 (chart) — From pages 8 and 12 of World Energy Investment 2023 (archive).
  49. ^ IEA 2007, p. 3.
  50. ^ Santangeli, Andrea; Toivonen, Tuuli; Pouzols, Federico Montesino; Pogson, Mark; Hastings, Astley; Smith, Pete; Moilanen, Atte (September 2016). “Global change synergies and trade-offs between renewable energy and biodiversity”GCB Bioenergy8 (5): 941–951. Bibcode:2016GCBBi…8..941Sdoi:10.1111/gcbb.12299hdl:2164/6138.
  51. ^ Rehbein, Jose A.; Watson, James E. M.; Lane, Joe L.; Sonter, Laura J.; Venter, Oscar; Atkinson, Scott C.; Allan, James R. (May 2020). “Renewable energy development threatens many globally important biodiversity areas”. Global Change Biology26 (5): 3040–3051. Bibcode:2020GCBio..26.3040Rdoi:10.1111/gcb.15067PMID 32133726.
  52. ^ Ritchie, Hannah (2019). “Renewable Energy”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  53. ^ Renewables 2020 Analysis and forecast to 2025 (PDF) (Report). IEA. 2020. p. 12. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021.
  54. ^ “Access to electricity”SDG7: Data and ProjectionsIEA. 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  55. ^ “Infrastructure Solutions: The power of purchase agreements”European Investment Bank. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  56. ^ “Renewable Power – Analysis”IEA. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  57. ^ “Global Electricity Review 2022”Ember. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  58. ^ “Renewable Energy and Electricity | Sustainable Energy | Renewable Energy – World Nuclear Association”world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  59. Jump up to:a b IEA (2022), Renewables 2022, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022, License: CC BY 4.0
  60. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, p. 406.
  61. Jump up to:a b c “Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data”Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2021EnerdataArchived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  62. ^ Kutscher, Milford & Kreith 2019, pp. 34–35.
  63. Jump up to:a b “Levelized Cost of Energy and of Storage”Lazard. 19 October 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  64. ^ Victoria, Marta; Haegel, Nancy; Peters, Ian Marius; Sinton, Ron; Jäger-Waldau, Arnulf; del Cañizo, Carlos; Breyer, Christian; Stocks, Matthew; Blakers, Andrew; Kaizuka, Izumi; Komoto, Keiichi; Smets, Arno (May 2021). “Solar photovoltaics is ready to power a sustainable future”Joule5 (5): 1041–1056. Bibcode:2021Joule…5.1041Vdoi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005.
  65. ^ IRENA 2021, pp. 19, 22.
  66. ^ Goetz, Katelyn P.; Taylor, Alexander D.; Hofstetter, Yvonne J.; Vaynzof, Yana (13 January 2021). “Sustainability in Perovskite Solar Cells”. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces13 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1021/acsami.0c17269PMID 33372760.
  67. ^ Xu, Yan; Li, Jinhui; Tan, Quanyin; Peters, Anesia Lauren; Yang, Congren (May 2018). “Global status of recycling waste solar panels: A review”. Waste Management75: 450–458. Bibcode:2018WaMan..75..450Xdoi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.036PMID 29472153.
  68. ^ Tian, Xueyu; Stranks, Samuel D.; You, Fengqi (31 July 2020). “Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells”Science Advances6 (31): eabb0055. Bibcode:2020SciA….6…55Tdoi:10.1126/sciadv.abb0055PMC 7399695PMID 32789177.
  69. ^ Kutscher, Milford & Kreith 2019, pp. 35–36.
  70. ^ “Solar energy”International Renewable Energy AgencyArchived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  71. ^ REN21 2020, p. 124.
  72. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, p. 366.
  73. ^ “What are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore wind farms?”American Geosciences Institute. 12 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  74. ^ Szarka 2007, p. 176.
  75. ^ Wang, Shifeng; Wang, Sicong (September 2015). “Impacts of wind energy on environment: A review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews49: 437–443. Bibcode:2015RSERv..49..437Wdoi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.137.
  76. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, p. 215.
  77. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, p. 213.
  78. ^ Huang, Yu-Fong; Gan, Xing-Jia; Chiueh, Pei-Te (March 2017). “Life cycle assessment and net energy analysis of offshore wind power systems”. Renewable Energy102: 98–106. Bibcode:2017REne..102…98Hdoi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.050.
  79. ^ Belton, Padraig (7 February 2020). “What happens to all the old wind turbines?”BBCArchived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  80. ^ Smil 2017b, p. 286.
  81. ^ REN21 2021, p. 21.
  82. Jump up to:a b c Moran, Emilio F.; Lopez, Maria Claudia; Moore, Nathan; Müller, Norbert; Hyndman, David W. (20 November 2018). “Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences115 (47): 11891–11898. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11511891Mdoi:10.1073/pnas.1809426115PMC 6255148PMID 30397145.
  83. ^ Kumar, A.; Schei, T.; Ahenkorah, A.; Caceres Rodriguez, R. et al. “Hydropower“. In IPCC (2011), pp. 451, 462, 488.
  84. Jump up to:a b c Schlömer, S.; Bruckner, T.; Fulton, L.; Hertwich, E. et al. “Annex III: Technology-specific cost and performance parameters“. In IPCC (2014), p. 1335.
  85. ^ Almeida, Rafael M.; Shi, Qinru; Gomes-Selman, Jonathan M.; Wu, Xiaojian; Xue, Yexiang; Angarita, Hector; Barros, Nathan; Forsberg, Bruce R.; García-Villacorta, Roosevelt; Hamilton, Stephen K.; Melack, John M.; Montoya, Mariana; Perez, Guillaume; Sethi, Suresh A.; Gomes, Carla P.; Flecker, Alexander S. (19 September 2019). “Reducing greenhouse gas emissions of Amazon hydropower with strategic dam planning”Nature Communications10 (1): 4281. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12179-5PMC 6753097PMID 31537792.
  86. ^ László, Erika (1981). “Geothermal Energy: An Old Ally”. Ambio10 (5): 248–249. JSTOR 4312703.
  87. ^ REN21 2020, p. 97.
  88. ^ “Geothermal Energy Information and Facts”National Geographic. 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  89. Jump up to:a b Ritchie, HannahRoser, Max (2020). “Energy mix”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  90. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, pp. 222, 228.
  91. ^ Soysal & Soysal 2020, pp. 228–229.
  92. ^ “Biomass explained”US Energy Information Administration. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  93. ^ Kopetz, Heinz (7 February 2013). “Build a biomass energy market”Nature494 (7435): 29–31. doi:10.1038/494029aPMID 23389528.
  94. ^ Demirbas, Ayhan (August 2008). “Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections”. Energy Conversion and Management49 (8): 2106–2116. Bibcode:2008ECM….49.2106Ddoi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.02.020.
  95. Jump up to:a b c Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Thomas-Hall, Skye R.; Schenk, Peer M. (June 2019). “Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews107: 250–263. Bibcode:2019RSERv.107..250Cdoi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005.
  96. ^ Daley, Jason (24 April 2018). “The EPA Declared That Burning Wood Is Carbon Neutral. It’s Actually a Lot More Complicated”Smithsonian MagazineArchived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  97. ^ Tester et al. 2012, p. 512.
  98. Jump up to:a b Smil 2017a, p. 162.
  99. ^ World Health Organization 2016, p. 73.
  100. ^ IPCC 2014, p. 616.
  101. ^ “Biofuels explained: Ethanol”US Energy Information Administration. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  102. ^ Foley, Jonathan (5 March 2013). “It’s Time to Rethink America’s Corn System”Scientific AmericanArchived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  103. ^ Ayompe, Lacour M.; Schaafsma, M.; Egoh, Benis N. (January 2021). “Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing”Journal of Cleaner Production278: 123914. Bibcode:2021JCPro.27823914Adoi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914.
  104. ^ Lustgarten, Abrahm (20 November 2018). “Palm Oil Was Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe”The New York TimesArchived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  105. ^ Smil 2017a, p. 161.
  106. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019, p. 3.
  107. ^ REN21 2021, pp. 113–116.
  108. ^ “The Role of Gas: Key Findings”IEA. July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  109. ^ “Natural gas and the environment”US Energy Information AdministrationArchived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  110. Jump up to:a b Storrow, Benjamin. “Methane Leaks Erase Some of the Climate Benefits of Natural Gas”Scientific American. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  111. ^ Plumer, Brad (26 June 2019). “As Coal Fades in the U.S., Natural Gas Becomes the Climate Battleground”The New York TimesArchived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  112. ^ Gürsan, C.; de Gooyert, V. (March 2021). “The systemic impact of a transition fuel: Does natural gas help or hinder the energy transition?”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews138: 110552. Bibcode:2021RSERv.13810552Gdoi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110552hdl:2066/228782.
  113. ^ Budinis, Sara; Krevor, Samuel; Dowell, Niall Mac; Brandon, Nigel; Hawkes, Adam (November 2018). “An assessment of CCS costs, barriers and potential”Energy Strategy Reviews22: 61–81. Bibcode:2018EneSR..22…61Bdoi:10.1016/j.esr.2018.08.003.
  114. ^ “Zero-emission carbon capture and storage in power plants using higher capture rates”IEA. 7 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  115. Jump up to:a b Ritchie, Hannah (10 February 2020). “What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  116. ^ Evans, Simon (8 December 2017). “Solar, wind and nuclear have ‘amazingly low’ carbon footprints, study finds”Carbon BriefArchived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  117. ^ IPCC 2018, 5.4.1.2.
  118. ^ IPCC AR6 WG3 2022, p. 38.
  119. ^ “Global Status Report 2024”Global CCS Institute. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 19 October 2024. The report lists 50 facilities, of which 3 are direct air capture facilities and 3 are transport/storage facilities
  120. ^ Roser, Max (10 December 2020). “The world’s energy problem”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  121. ^ Rhodes, Richard (19 July 2018). “Why Nuclear Power Must Be Part of the Energy Solution”Yale Environment 360Yale School of the EnvironmentArchived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  122. ^ “Nuclear Power in the World Today”World Nuclear Association. June 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  123. ^ Bailey, Ronald (10 May 2023). “New study: Nuclear power is humanity’s greenest energy option”Reason.com. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  124. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2020). “Nuclear Energy”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  125. ^ MacKay 2008, p. 162.
  126. Jump up to:a b c d e Gill, Matthew; Livens, Francis; Peakman, Aiden (2014). “Nuclear Fission”. Future Energy. pp. 135–149. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102886-5.00007-4ISBN 978-0-08-102886-5.
  127. ^ Muellner, Nikolaus; Arnold, Nikolaus; Gufler, Klaus; Kromp, Wolfgang; Renneberg, Wolfgang; Liebert, Wolfgang (August 2021). “Nuclear energy – The solution to climate change?”Energy Policy155: 112363. Bibcode:2021EnPol.15512363Mdoi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112363.
  128. ^ IPCC 2018, 2.4.2.1.
  129. ^ Timmer, John (21 November 2020). “Why are nuclear plants so expensive? Safety’s only part of the story”Ars TechnicaArchived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  130. ^ Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the ‘do no significant harm’ criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (‘Taxonomy Regulation’) (PDF) (Report). European Commission Joint Research Centre. 2021. p. 53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021.
  131. ^ Locatelli, Giorgio; Mignacca, Benito (2020). “Small Modular Nuclear Reactors”. Future Energy. pp. 151–169. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102886-5.00008-6ISBN 978-0-08-102886-5.
  132. ^ McGrath, Matt (6 November 2019). “Nuclear fusion is ‘a question of when, not if'”BBCArchived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  133. ^ Amos, Jonathan (9 February 2022). “Major breakthrough on nuclear fusion energy”BBCArchived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  134. ^ “Energy Transition Investment Now On Par with Fossil Fuel”. Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). 10 February 2023. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023.
  135. ^ Jaccard 2020, pp. 202–203, Chapter 11 – “Renewables Have Won”.
  136. Jump up to:a b c d IPCC 2014, 7.11.3.
  137. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 106–110.
  138. Jump up to:a b Evans, Simon; Gabbatiss, Josh (30 November 2020). “In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?”Carbon BriefArchived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  139. ^ Jaccard 2020, p. 203, Chapter 11 – “Renewables Have Won”.
  140. ^ “Reaching net zero emissions demands faster innovation, but we’ve already come a long way – Analysis”International Energy Agency. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  141. Jump up to:a b IEA 2021, p. 15.
  142. ^ “Innovation – Energy System”International Energy Agency. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  143. ^ World Health Organization 2018, Executive Summary.
  144. ^ Vandyck, T.; Keramidas, K.; Kitous, A.; Spadaro, J.V.; et al. (2018). “Air quality co-benefits for human health and agriculture counterbalance costs to meet Paris Agreement pledges”Nature Communications9 (1): 4939. Bibcode:2018NatCo…9.4939Vdoi:10.1038/s41467-018-06885-9PMC 6250710PMID 30467311.
  145. Jump up to:a b c d United Nations Environment Programme 2019, pp. 46–55.
  146. ^ IPCC 2018, p. 97.
  147. ^ Hopwood, David (May 2007). “Blueprint for sustainability?”. Refocus8 (3): 54–57. doi:10.1016/S1471-0846(07)70068-9.
  148. ^ United Nations Environment Programme 2019, p. 47.
  149. ^ “Introduction to System Integration of Renewables”IEA. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  150. Jump up to:a b c d Blanco, Herib; Faaij, André (January 2018). “A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage” (PDF). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews81: 1049–1086. Bibcode:2018RSERv..81.1049Bdoi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062.
  151. ^ REN21 2020, p. 177.
  152. ^ Bloess, Andreas; Schill, Wolf-Peter; Zerrahn, Alexander (February 2018). “Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: A review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials”Applied Energy212: 1611–1626. Bibcode:2018ApEn..212.1611Bdoi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.073hdl:10419/200120.
  153. ^ IEA 2020, p. 109.
  154. Jump up to:a b Koohi-Fayegh, S.; Rosen, M.A. (February 2020). “A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments”. Journal of Energy Storage27: 101047. Bibcode:2020JEnSt..2701047Kdoi:10.1016/j.est.2019.101047.
  155. ^ Katz, Cheryl (17 December 2020). “The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete”BBCArchived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  156. Jump up to:a b “Climate change and batteries: the search for future power storage solutions” (PDF). Climate change: science and solutionsThe Royal Society. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  157. ^ Hunt, Julian D.; Byers, Edward; Wada, Yoshihide; Parkinson, Simon; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; Langan, Simon; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Riahi, Keywan (19 February 2020). “Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage”Nature Communications11 (1): 947. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..947Hdoi:10.1038/s41467-020-14555-yPMC 7031375PMID 32075965.
  158. ^ Balaraman, Kavya (12 October 2020). “To batteries and beyond: With seasonal storage potential, hydrogen offers ‘a different ballgame entirely'”Utility DiveArchived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  159. ^ Cole, Laura (15 November 2020). “How to cut carbon out of your heating”BBCArchived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  160. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2020). “Electricity Mix”Our World in DataArchived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  161. ^ IPCC 2018, 2.4.2.2.
  162. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 167–169.
  163. ^ United Nations Development Programme 2016, p. 30.
  164. Jump up to:a b c Herrington, Richard (24 May 2021). “Mining our green future”Nature Reviews Materials6 (6): 456–458. Bibcode:2021NatRM…6..456Hdoi:10.1038/s41578-021-00325-9.
  165. ^ Mudd, Gavin M. “Metals and Elements Needed to Support Future Energy Systems”. In Letcher (2020), pp. 723–724.
  166. ^ Babbitt, Callie W. (August 2020). “Sustainability perspectives on lithium-ion batteries”Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy22 (6): 1213–1214. Bibcode:2020CTEP…22.1213Bdoi:10.1007/s10098-020-01890-3.
  167. Jump up to:a b c IPCC AR6 WG3 2022, pp. 91–92.
  168. ^ Evans, Simon; Gabbatiss, Josh (30 November 2020). “In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?”Carbon BriefArchived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  169. Jump up to:a b c Lewis, Alastair C. (10 June 2021). “Optimising air quality co-benefits in a hydrogen economy: a case for hydrogen-specific standards for NO x emissions”Environmental Science: Atmospheres1 (5): 201–207. Bibcode:2021ESAt….1..201Ldoi:10.1039/D1EA00037C. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 3.0 license.
  170. ^ Reed, Stanley; Ewing, Jack (13 July 2021). “Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part”The New York TimesArchived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  171. ^ IRENA 2019, p. 9.
  172. ^ Bonheure, Mike; Vandewalle, Laurien A.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (March 2021). “Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries”CEP MagazineAmerican Institute of Chemical EngineersArchived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  173. Jump up to:a b Griffiths, Steve; Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Kim, Jinsoo; Bazilian, Morgan; Uratani, Joao M. (October 2021). “Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options”Energy Research & Social Science80: 102208. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208.
  174. ^ Palys, Matthew J.; Daoutidis, Prodromos (May 2020). “Using hydrogen and ammonia for renewable energy storage: A geographically comprehensive techno-economic study”Computers & Chemical Engineering136: 106785. doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106785.
  175. ^ IRENA 2021, pp. 12, 22.
  176. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 15, 75–76.
  177. ^ Kjellberg-Motton, Brendan (7 February 2022). “Steel decarbonisation gathers speed | Argus Media”www.argusmedia.com. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  178. ^ Blank, Thomas; Molly, Patrick (January 2020). “Hydrogen’s Decarbonization Impact for Industry” (PDF). Rocky Mountain Institute. pp. 2, 7, 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020.
  179. ^ Plötz, Patrick (31 January 2022). “Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport”. Nature Electronics5 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00706-6.
  180. ^ Fraser, Simon D.S.; Lock, Karen (December 2011). “Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling”European Journal of Public Health21 (6): 738–743. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq145PMID 20929903.
  181. ^ “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data”United States Environmental Protection Agency. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  182. ^ Bigazzi, Alexander (May 2019). “Comparison of marginal and average emission factors for passenger transportation modes”. Applied Energy242: 1460–1466. Bibcode:2019ApEn..242.1460Bdoi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.172.
  183. ^ Schäfer, Andreas W.; Yeh, Sonia (20 April 2020). “A holistic analysis of passenger travel energy and greenhouse gas intensities”. Nature Sustainability3 (6): 459–462. Bibcode:2020NatSu…3..459Sdoi:10.1038/s41893-020-0514-9.
  184. ^ United Nations Environment Programme 2020, p. xxv.
  185. ^ IEA 2021, p. 137.
  186. ^ Pucher, John; Buehler, Ralph (2 November 2017). “Cycling towards a more sustainable transport future”Transport Reviews37 (6): 689–694. doi:10.1080/01441647.2017.1340234.
  187. ^ Smith, John (22 September 2016). “Sustainable transport”European CommissionArchived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  188. ^ Knobloch, Florian; Hanssen, Steef V.; Lam, Aileen; Pollitt, Hector; Salas, Pablo; Chewpreecha, Unnada; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Mercure, Jean-Francois (23 March 2020). “Net emission reductions from electric cars and heat pumps in 59 world regions over time”Nature Sustainability3 (6): 437–447. Bibcode:2020NatSu…3..437Kdoi:10.1038/s41893-020-0488-7PMC 7308170PMID 32572385.
  189. ^ Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Farfan, Javier; Sadovskaia, Kristina; Aghahosseini, Arman; Child, Michael; Gulagi, Ashish; Oyewo, Ayobami Solomon; de Souza Noel Simas Barbosa, Larissa; Breyer, Christian (6 March 2019). “Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps”Nature Communications10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1PMC 6403340PMID 30842423.
  190. ^ Martini, Giorgio; Grigoratos, Theodoros (2014). Non-exhaust traffic related emissions – Brake and tyre wear PM. EUR 26648Publications Office of the European Union. p. 42. ISBN 978-92-79-38303-8OCLC 1044281650Archived from the original on 30 July 2021.
  191. ^ Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport. 2020. pp. 8–9. doi:10.1787/4a4dc6ca-enISBN 978-92-64-45244-2.
  192. ^ “CO2 performance of new passenger cars in Europe”www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  193. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 133–137.
  194. ^ “Rail and waterborne – best for low-carbon motorised transport”European Environment AgencyArchived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  195. ^ Miller, Joe (9 September 2020). “Hydrogen takes a back seat to electric for passenger vehicles”Financial TimesArchived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  196. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 136, 139.
  197. ^ Biomass in a low-carbon economy (Report). UK Committee on Climate Change. November 2018. p. 18. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  198. ^ “Buildings”IEAArchived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  199. ^ Mortensen, Anders Winther; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Hansen, Anders Bavnhøj; Pedersen, Sigurd Lauge; Grandal, Rune Duban; Wenzel, Henrik (October 2020). “The role of electrification and hydrogen in breaking the biomass bottleneck of the renewable energy system – A study on the Danish energy system”Applied Energy275: 115331. Bibcode:2020ApEn..27515331Mdoi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115331.
  200. ^ Knobloch, Florian; Pollitt, Hector; Chewpreecha, Unnada; Daioglou, Vassilis; Mercure, Jean-Francois (February 2019). “Simulating the deep decarbonisation of residential heating for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C”Energy Efficiency12 (2): 521–550. arXiv:1710.11019Bibcode:2019EnEff..12..521Kdoi:10.1007/s12053-018-9710-0.
  201. ^ Alva, Guruprasad; Lin, Yaxue; Fang, Guiyin (February 2018). “An overview of thermal energy storage systems”. Energy144: 341–378. Bibcode:2018Ene…144..341Adoi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.037.
  202. ^ Plumer, Brad (30 June 2021). “Are ‘Heat Pumps’ the Answer to Heat Waves? Some Cities Think So”The New York TimesArchived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  203. ^ Abergel, Thibaut (June 2020). “Heat Pumps”IEAArchived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  204. ^ Buffa, Simone; Cozzini, Marco; D’Antoni, Matteo; Baratieri, Marco; et al. (2019). “5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews104: 504–522. Bibcode:2019RSERv.104..504Bdoi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059.
  205. ^ Lund, Henrik; Werner, Sven; Wiltshire, Robin; Svendsen, Svend; et al. (2014). “4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)”Energy68: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  206. ^ Abdolhamidi, Shervin (27 September 2018). “An ancient engineering feat that harnessed the wind”BBCArchived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  207. ^ “How cities are using nature to keep heatwaves at bay”United Nations Environment Programme. 22 July 2020. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  208. Jump up to:a b “Four Things You Should Know About Sustainable Cooling”World Bank. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  209. ^ Mastrucci, Alessio; Byers, Edward; Pachauri, Shonali; Rao, Narasimha D. (March 2019). “Improving the SDG energy poverty targets: Residential cooling needs in the Global South”Energy and Buildings186: 405–415. Bibcode:2019EneBu.186..405Mdoi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.01.015.
  210. Jump up to:a b c Smith & Pillarisetti 2017, pp. 145–146.
  211. ^ “Cooking appliances”Natural Resources Canada. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  212. ^ World Health OrganizationInternational Energy AgencyGlobal Alliance for Clean CookstovesUnited Nations Development Programme; Energising Development; and World Bank (2018). Accelerating SDG 7 Achievement Policy Brief 02: Achieving Universal Access to Clean and Modern Cooking Fuels, Technologies and Services (PDF) (Report). United Nations. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2021.
  213. ^ World Health Organization 2016, p. 75.
  214. ^ IPCC 2014, p. 29.
  215. ^ World Health Organization 2016, p. 12.
  216. ^ REN21 2020, p. 40.
  217. ^ IEA 2020, p. 135.
  218. ^ United Nations Environment Programme 2019, p. 50.
  219. ^ Åhman, Max; Nilsson, Lars J.; Johansson, Bengt (4 July 2017). “Global climate policy and deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries”Climate Policy17 (5): 634–649. Bibcode:2017CliPo..17..634Adoi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1167009.
  220. ^ United Nations Environment Programme 2019, p. xxiii.
  221. ^ IEA 2021, p. 186.
  222. Jump up to:a b c United Nations Environment Programme 2019, pp. 39–45.
  223. ^ Jaccard 2020, p. 109, Chapter 6 – We Must Price Carbon Emissions”.
  224. Jump up to:a b United Nations Environment Programme 2019, pp. 28–36.
  225. ^ Ciucci, M. (February 2020). “Renewable Energy”European ParliamentArchived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  226. ^ “State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals”National Conference of State Legislators. 17 April 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  227. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 14–25.
  228. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 184–187.
  229. ^ IEA 2021, p. 16.
  230. ^ Jaccard 2020, pp. 106–109, Chapter 6 – “We Must Price Carbon Emissions”.
  231. ^ Plumer, Brad (8 October 2018). “New U.N. Climate Report Says Put a High Price on Carbon”The New York TimesArchived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  232. ^ Green, Jessica F (April 2021). “Does carbon pricing reduce emissions? A review of ex-post analyses”Environmental Research Letters16 (4): 043004. Bibcode:2021ERL….16d3004Gdoi:10.1088/1748-9326/abdae9.
  233. ^ IPCC 2018, 2.5.2.1.
  234. ^ State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 (PDF) (Report). World Bank. June 2019. pp. 8–11. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8hdl:10986/29687ISBN 978-1-4648-1435-8Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2020.
  235. ^ “Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax | Canada”United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeArchived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  236. ^ Carr, Mathew (10 October 2018). “How High Does Carbon Need to Be? Somewhere From $20–$27,000”BloombergArchived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  237. ^ “EAC launches new inquiry weighing up carbon border tax measures”UK Parliament. 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  238. ^ Plumer, Brad (14 July 2021). “Europe Is Proposing a Border Carbon Tax. What Is It and How Will It Work?”The New York TimesArchived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  239. ^ Bharti, Bianca (12 August 2021). “Taxing imports of heavy carbon emitters is gaining momentum – and it could hurt Canadian industry: Report”Financial PostArchived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  240. ^ United Nations Environment Programme 2020, p. vii.
  241. ^ IEA 2021, p. 13.
  242. ^ IEA 2021, pp. 14–18.
  243. ^ IRENA, IEA & REN21 2018, p. 19.
  244. Jump up to:a b “24 million jobs to open up in the green economy”International Labour Organization. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  245. ^ Catsaros, Oktavia (26 January 2023). “Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $1 Trillion for the First Time”. Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). Figure 1. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels
  246. ^ “Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report”BNEF.com. Bloomberg NEF. 30 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.
  247. Jump up to:a b 2024 data: “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2025 / Abridged report” (PDF). BloombergNEF. 30 January 2025. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2025.
  248. Jump up to:a b Mazzucato, Mariana; Semieniuk, Gregor (February 2018). “Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change127: 8–22. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.021.
  249. ^ United Nations Development Programme & United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2019, p. 24.
  250. ^ IPCC 2018, p. 96.
  251. ^ IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization 2021, pp. 129, 132.
  252. ^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2018, p. 54.
  253. ^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2018, p. 9.
  254. ^ Roberts, J. Timmons; Weikmans, Romain; Robinson, Stacy-ann; Ciplet, David; Khan, Mizan; Falzon, Danielle (March 2021). “Rebooting a failed promise of climate finance”. Nature Climate Change11 (3): 180–182. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..180Rdoi:10.1038/s41558-021-00990-2.
  255. ^ Radwanski, Adam (29 September 2021). “Opinion: As pivotal climate summit approaches, Canada at centre of efforts to repair broken trust among poorer countries”The Globe and MailArchived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  256. ^ “Here are the clean energy innovations that will beat climate change”European Investment Bank. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  257. ^ “Home”www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  258. ^ Bridle, Richard; Sharma, Shruti; Mostafa, Mostafa; Geddes, Anna (June 2019). “Fossil Fuel to Clean Energy Subsidy Swaps: How to pay for an energy revolution” (PDF). International Institute for Sustainable Development. p. iv. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2019.
  259. ^ Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Boykoff, Maxwell; Byass, Peter; Cai, Wenjia; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Capstick, Stuart; Chambers, Jonathan; Dalin, Carole; Daly, Meaghan; Dasandi, Niheer; Davies, Michael; Drummond, Paul; Dubrow, Robert; Ebi, Kristie L; Eckelman, Matthew; Ekins, Paul; Escobar, Luis E; Fernandez Montoya, Lucia; Georgeson, Lucien; Graham, Hilary; Haggar, Paul; Hamilton, Ian; Hartinger, Stella; Hess, Jeremy; Kelman, Ilan; Kiesewetter, Gregor; Kjellstrom, Tord; Kniveton, Dominic; Lemke, Bruno; Liu, Yang; Lott, Melissa; Lowe, Rachel; Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo; Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime; Maslin, Mark; McAllister, Lucy; McGushin, Alice; Jankin Mikhaylov, Slava; Milner, James; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Morrissey, Karyn; Murray, Kris; Munzert, Simon; Nilsson, Maria; Neville, Tara; Oreszczyn, Tadj; Owfi, Fereidoon; Pearman, Olivia; Pencheon, David; Phung, Dung; Pye, Steve; Quinn, Ruth; Rabbaniha, Mahnaz; Robinson, Elizabeth; Rocklöv, Joacim; Semenza, Jan C; Sherman, Jodi; Shumake-Guillemot, Joy; Tabatabaei, Meisam; Taylor, Jonathon; Trinanes, Joaquin; Wilkinson, Paul; Costello, Anthony; Gong, Peng; Montgomery, Hugh (November 2019). “The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate”The Lancet394 (10211): 1836–1878. Bibcode:2019Lanc..394.1836Wdoi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6PMC 7616843PMID 31733928.
  260. ^ United Nations Development Programme 2020, p. 10.
  261. ^ Kuzemko, Caroline; Bradshaw, Michael; Bridge, Gavin; Goldthau, Andreas; Jewell, Jessica; Overland, Indra; Scholten, Daniel; Van de Graaf, Thijs; Westphal, Kirsten (October 2020). “Covid-19 and the politics of sustainable energy transitions”Energy Research & Social Science68: 101685. Bibcode:2020ERSS…6801685Kdoi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101685PMC 7330551PMID 32839704.
  262. ^ IRENA 2021, p. 5.

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Translate »